“First, education. We must educate people for the future, the future is gonna be more scientific not less scientific. First is education.”

“Second! We must allow entrepreneurs, innovators, scientists, engineers, businessmen to flourish in the future. To create new industries, new silicon valley’s…innovation! Entrepreneurs to create industries to hire more workers.”

“Three, the Government has to get out of the way.”

“The response of politicians is tax tax tax, regulate regulate regulate. That’s not the way to create wealth! Wealth has to be encouraged. Wealth has to have a nudge, we have to have LESS regulation, not MORE regulation to allow companies to flourish to create JOBS because that’s where the JOBS of the future are gonna come from.”

“Fourth! The nature of the jobs will change. Less farming and more and more intellectual capital. The capital of the mind. We must have both! We have to have food, metals, commodities, oil but we also have to liberate ourselves with the power of the mind because capitalism itself is changing from commodity capital to intellectual capital.”

Michio Kaku is an American theoretical physicist, futurist, and popularizer of science. Kaku is a professor of theoretical physics at the City College of New York and CUNY Graduate Center. He has written several books about physics and related topics, has made frequent appearances on radio, television, and film, and writes online blogs and articles. He has written three New York Times bestsellers: Physics of the Impossible (2008), Physics of the Future (2011), and The Future of the Mind (2014). Kaku has hosted several TV specials for the BBC, the Discovery Channel, the History Channel, and the Science Channel. (Wikipedia)

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We’ll have to recalibrate everything — the age of the universe, the age of stars, the distance to the stars, the basic structure of modern electronics, the GPS, nuclear weapons — all of that would have to be recalibrated and rethought …

Many physicists had a heart attack when we got news from Geneva, Switzerland that Einstein might be wrong.  All hell broke loose in the physics community.  Every physicist I know was taking a position on this hot topic because relativity is the foundation of modern physics along with the Quantum Theory.  

Now what they found was if you take a beam of neutrinos from the atom smasher in Geneva, Switzerland, shoot the beam through the mountains from Switzerland to Italy over a distance of 454 miles, the neutrinos out-raced a light beam by a distance of 60 feet, 60 feet over a distance of 454 miles.  Well, that doesn’t sound like much, but to a physicist this is a disaster.  It means that the foundations of modern physics have to be called into question.

 

First, it means that time travel could become commonplace because as you approach the speed of light time slows down.  If you exceed the speed of light, time goes backwards.  Remember that scene in Superman One when Lois Lane dies and Superman goes into outer space and goes around the planet earth in the opposite direction; the earth stops and then rotates in the opposite direction and then, all of the sudden, Lois Lane springs back to life?  Well, that kind of scenario might be possible if the speed of light is not so special that particles can exceed the speed of light, not to mention that we’ll have to recalibrate everything – the age of the universe, the age of stars, the distance to the stars, the basic structure of modern electronics has to be changed, the GPS, nuclear weapons, all of that would have to be recalibrated and rethought through if Einstein’s theory of relativity is wrong.

 

So what’s the solution to the problem?  Well the solution to the problem is obviously they goofed.  They made a mistake.  I remember when I was a grad student years and years ago at Harvard.  My advisor at Harvard was Professor Pound and he the famous Pound-Rebka Experiment where they shot a light beam from the top of Jefferson Hall to the bottom of Jefferson Hall.  Now, there was a rival group, a rival group that also did the same experiment and they had to calculate the speed of light in the process.  They found that the speed of light actually rose in the morning, peaked at noontime.  Then the speed of light began to slow down at dinnertime and reached a minimum at midnight.  Well, this was shocking.  The speed of light, which governs the universe all of the sudden is wedded to lunchtime and dinnertime. So what’s the problem?  The problem was that this counter experiment, this rival experiment, was done outdoors, and the sensors were temperature-dependent, and of course it’s warmer at lunchtime and colder at midnight.  Well, Professor Pound’s experiment was done indoors and therefore, didn’t have that kind of variation.  

 

The lesson here is: systematic errors creep into very delicate calculations.  Some people think they found the source of the error.  How do we know that from Switzerland to Italy the distance is 454 miles?  Well, you use GPS, right? Obvious, but GPS is a relativistic system.  It uses relativity and some physicists have claimed that they mis-calibrated the distance from the sensors to the satellite and satellite back down to Italy, a triangle; that one of the lengths of the triangle was mis-calibrated in the process of doing this experiment. 

 

Now, there is another counter example.  Back in 1987, light from a gigantic supernova in the Magellanic Clouds hit the planet earth and, simultaneously with that, neutrinos were detected in gigantic neutrino detectors in Japan.  So we had a double whammy – light from a supernova right near the Milky Way Galaxy hitting the earth at the same time as neutrinos from a galaxy tens of thousands of light years from the earth.

 

So here’s the rub.  Why should we believe this CERN experiment over a distance of 454 miles when over a distance of tens of thousands of light years neutrinos and light beams hit the earth at the same time?  That’s why many physicists believe that they must have made a systematic error someplace and the weak link, the weak link in this whole chain of reasoning is the GPS system, and the GPS system itself is a relativistic system.  So in some sense they’re using relativity to defeat relativity and I think there is something circular about that.

Source: http://bigthink.com/

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The two geniuses talked about how soon computer intelligence will soon surpass us and the possible outcomes of this.

This took place in a June 7th interview on Doctor Michio Kaku’ radio program…

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Michio Kaku is a world-renowned physicist, futurist, and author of numerous bestselling books including “Beyond Einstein,” “Parallel Universes,” “The Future of the Mind,” and “Physics of the Impossible.” In this talk, he discusses the groundbreaking first image of a black hole as well as a range of topics related to his latest book, “The Future of Humanity,” in which he explores how humanity might gradually develop a sustainable civilization in outer space.

Source: Talks at Google

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Michio Kaku is a theoretical physicist, futurist, and professor at the City College of New York. He is the author of many fascinating books on the nature of our reality and the future of our civilization.

Source: Lex Fridman

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What’s beyond silicon? There have been a number of proposals: protein computers, DNA computers, optical computers, quantum computers, molecular computers.

“Years ago, we physicists predicted the end of Moore’s Law that says a computer power doubles every 18 months. But we also, on the other hand, proposed a positive program.  Perhaps molecular computers, quantum computers can takeover when silicon power is exhausted.  But then the question is, what’s the timeframe?  What is a realistic scenario for the next coming years?  

Well, first of all, in about ten years or so, we will see the collapse of Moore’s Law.  In fact, already, already we see a slowing down of Moore’s Law.  Computer power simply cannot maintain its rapid exponential rise using standard silicon technology.  Intel Corporation has admitted this.  In fact, Intel Corporation is now going to three-dimensional chips, chips that compute not just flatly in two dimensions but in the third dimension.  But there are problems with that.  The two basic problems are heat and leakage.  That’s the reason why the age of silicon will eventually come to a close.  No one knows when, but as I mentioned we already now can see the slowing down of Moore’s Law, and in ten years it could flatten out completely.  So what is the problem?  The problem is that a Pentium chip today has a layer almost down to 20 atoms across, 20 atoms across.  When that layer gets down to about 5 atoms across, it’s all over.  You have two effects.  Heat–the heat generated will be so intense that the chip will melt.  You can literally fry an egg on top of the chip, and the chip itself begins to disintegrate  And second of all, leakage–you don’t know where the electron is anymore.  The quantum theory takes over.  The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle says you don’t know where that electron is anymore, meaning it could be outside the wire, outside the Pentium chip, or inside the Pentium chip.  So there is an ultimate limit set by the laws of thermal dynamics and set by the laws of quantum mechanics as to how much computing power you can do with silicon.  

So, what’s beyond silicon?  There have been a number of proposals: protein computers, DNA computers, optical computers, quantum computers, molecular computers.  If I were to put money on the table I would say that in the next ten years as Moore’s Law slows down, we will tweak it.  We will tweak it with three-dimensional chips, maybe optical chips, tweak it with known technology pushing the limits, squeezing what we can.  Microsoft for example, a software company, wants to go to parallel processing.  Instead of having one chip here, spread them out horizontally.  Take a problem, cut it in many pieces and have it run simultaneously on many standard chips.  That’s another possible solution.  But hey, Moore’s Law is exponential.  Sooner or later even three-dimensional chips, even parallel processing, will be exhausted and we’ll have to go to the post-silicon era.

So, what are the candidates?  The first candidate is molecular computers; that is, molecular transistors.  They already exist.  We already have molecules that are in the shape of a valve.  You turn the valve one way and the electricity stops through that molecule.  You turn it the other way and electricity flows through that molecule just like a pipe and a valve because that’s what a transistor is, a switch, except this switch is molecular rather than a switch made out of piping.  The problem is mass production and wiring them up.  Molecules are very small.  We forget that.  How do you wire up tiny little molecules and create fantastic circuits with them?  With transistors and silicon, we do it with photolithography, just like you make a t-shirt.  How do you make a t-shirt?  You get a stencil, shine light to the stencil and it has an image on a t-shirt by which you can spray chemicals.  Well, the same thing we do with layers up layers of circuitry on a silicon chip.  

Now, quantum computing in some sense is the ultimate computer, but there are enormous problems with quantum computing.  The main problem is de-coherence.  Let’s say I have two atoms and they vibrate in unison.  If I have two atoms and they vibrate in unison I can shine a light wave and flip one over and do a calculation, but they have to first start vibrating in unison.  Eventually an airplane goes over.  Eventually a child walks in front of your apparatus.  Eventually somebody coughs and then all of the sudden they’re no longer in synchronization.  It gets contaminated by disturbances from the outside world.  Once you lose the coherence, the computer is useless.  So what is the world’s record for a quantum computing calculation?  Da-dah, it’s three times five is fifteen.  That is the world’s record for a quantum computing calculation.  That doesn’t sound like much until you realize that that was done on five atoms.  So here is a homework problem for you: take five atoms and prove that three times five is fifteen, and then you realize, oh my God, that was a nontrivial feat that IBM pulled off.

So, in conclusion, it is awfully hard to compute on quantum computers.  The basic architecture, the basic apparatus has still not yet gelled.  If I were to put money on the table, I would say that in the next ten years we’ll simply tweak Moore’s Law a bit with chip-like computers in three dimensions, but beyond that we may have to go to molecular computers and perhaps late in the 21st century quantum computers.”

Source: http://bigthink.com/

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